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the recent end of expedition 47 marked

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the conclusion of the on-orbit portion

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of some international space station

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experiments that we've been talking

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about a lot

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including cognition and microbiome as

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well as ocular health the experiment

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looking into the reasons why some crew

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members suffer diminished vision after a

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long duration stay on orbit

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recently my colleague pat ryan spoke

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with the lead increment scientist for

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expeditions 47 and 48 yuri gerhart

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ramirez and

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about some of the new experiments

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getting started on this expedition

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and about what happens next for research

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we have a huge milestone in completion

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of these investigations that started

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many expeditions ago

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and require a lot of these subjects to

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complete now that the sub our final set

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of subjects uh is home these

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investigations will undergo what we call

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post flight bdc based data collection uh

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essentially they'll go through

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similar type of in-flight

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measurements like they did during

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in-flight

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and they will collect the data

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to figure out essentially what happens

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after they come home and some of these

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collections take

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it could be three months

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it could be six months and in the case

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of ocular health for example it can take

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close to a year to continue to take

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these uh different measurements

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of the eye in the vision

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including uh tests that were not part of

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the in-flight portion

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like mris and other ways to assess the

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health of the eye

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so after all the scientists gather all

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that data they'll have lots and lots and

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lots of

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mounds of data to go through and try to

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figure out what the big picture is

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telling us across all the different

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subjects through the years

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on all these various health issues that

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were we're trying to understand better

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for for space flight had they gotten a

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start on that had they been reviewing

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the on-orbit data from the prior

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subjects already and

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they're not saving it all up for one

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time well they can they can start

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assessing some of it they can understand

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whether or not we think we have viable

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data

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some of these investigations require

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body samples and some of those came home

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with spacex eight we had a huge a huge

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set of samples that came home for human

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research with that with that mission

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return

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others

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have taken place after spacex eight for

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these specific crew members for example

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with micro microbiome and those will

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have to wait until those samples come

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home

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to finally be able to put all the puzzle

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pieces together of all the data and

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continue to assess the post flight data

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collections if you would

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expedition 47 meant the end of some

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experiments expedition 48 has got its

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own experiments that are occupying the

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the crew on orbit uh tell me what you

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think are some of the highlight

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experiments that we'll be seeing happen

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over the next three months or so

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certainly we uh there's

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a lot of investigations that continue

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one of those uh actually an interesting

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pair is csa the canadian space agency

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has marrow

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and that's an investigation that's

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looking to understand how the bone

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marrow

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transitions from its natural state into

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more adipose or fat tissue if you would

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in the bone marrow itself this adipose

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tissue

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and so that is part of the natural bone

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process as we age to the for that bone

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marrow to transition however

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they are looking at

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how the microgravity environment

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accelerates that

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and that is analogous to patients that

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are in bed rest and have to undergo long

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periods without activity and so they're

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trying to understand

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how that

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lack of microgravity loading on the body

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of the bone marrow affects not just as

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we understand our muscular skeletal

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system but deep inside into the bone

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marrow and those processes that could

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also affect the white cells and red

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cells count

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for

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possible

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mitigations in the future

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are there some experiments on expedition

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48 that are not human life sciences

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research some other kinds of science oh

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yes we have uh

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all sorts of investigations one that we

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have continued and we've seen a lot of

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that during increment 47 and we may we

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may not continue through until increment

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49 perhaps it's issa's electromagnetic

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levitator

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that is looking at a completely

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different

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process

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for

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solidification of samples you have

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different samples of different metal

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alloys iron copper nickel and different

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alloys that they're looking at

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how they solidify and

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this particular

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apparatus that's out there allows us to

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process these batches of samples and

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watch through the high speed cameras and

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thermo

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essentially trying to assess the

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temperature

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quick heating cooling

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and watching how that sample solidifies

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and the surface tension that occurs

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within that sample and it's levitating

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obviously we have the microgravity but

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the electromagnetic forces are helped to

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keep it in place

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and being able to watch

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how those processes happen can help us

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potentially yield whole new

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revolutionary ways of manufacturing here

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on earth uh in a matter of a few more

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weeks there's another

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spacex dragon cargo ship that's coming

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to the station and it's delivering some

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brand new science that new to the

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station tell me about some of the things

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that you'll find in there

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we have a couple of very exciting

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investigations again spacex has come in

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with so many investigations to add to

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our portfolio it's very exciting to have

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them arrive

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in a few of those include jaxa's mouse

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epigenetics

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and this is a very interesting

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investigation where

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we we understand how dna and

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works right we have this dna sequence

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that tells us okay you're going to be

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roughly this height and this build and

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some of those pieces of of who we are

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but we are learning more and more with

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the epigenetic side of the house that

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there's this

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external to the genetics

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factors like diet stress

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and other

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different environmental conditions that

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actually

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affect how the gene expresses itself so

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these

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functions that are happening

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outside of the genome itself are not

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changing your dna sequence that is what

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it is

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but the fact that you may or may not be

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more susceptible to some diseases or you

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may or may not be more prone to certain

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things happening

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is heavily influenced by this

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environment and we're learning a lot

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about that

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and using our mice as a human model

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one of our model organisms that we can

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study and translate that data

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can help us understand

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uh what is going to happen uh for demise

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that will be exposed for microgravity

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during mic during this period and

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they'll come home and then they'll be

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able to assess their epigenetic changes

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and different the various organs they

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have

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as well as

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their offspring another one that's very

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very very interesting is heart sales and

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that's a nasa research investigation

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coming up

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in there's a very fascinating couple

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aspects to this investigation

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the first is that the scientists have

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successfully taken skin cells

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and

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i would say deprogram them

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and turn those human skin cells into

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stem cells

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now most people may be familiar with the

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fact that stem cells are those cells in

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the body when we're born that

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can turn into any kind of cell in the

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body right right so

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we take they've taken the skin skin

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cells and deprogrammed them and then

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once they are

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turned into the the stem cell

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then they can go ahead and

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differentiate them or reprogram them

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into

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heart cells

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are will be launching on on space x9

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coming to the space station uh to

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undergo some

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uh exposure and we'll have to study them

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as they express themselves in the

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microgravity environment and

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the hope is that eventually we might be

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able to better understand cardiac

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impacts not only to our crew members as

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a result of the whole

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spaceflight environment

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but

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ideally we might we might be able to

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eventually lead to revolutionary ways of

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heart disease treatments here on earth

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and that's very very helpful very

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interesting few examples of what's going

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to be going on in terms of science on

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board the station the next few months

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and

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about how the how the operations have

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gone absolutely yes uh yuri geonard